Pleural fluid smear

Definition

Pleural fluid smear is a laboratory test to check for bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, or abnormal cells in a sample of the fluid that has collected in the pleural space. This is the space between the lining of the outside of the lungs (pleura) and the wall of the chest. When fluid collects in the pleural space, the condition is called pleural effusion.

How the Test is Performed

A procedure called thoracentesis is used to get a sample of pleural fluid. The health care provider examines a sample of pleural fluid under the microscope. If bacteria, mycobacteria, or fungi are found, other methods may be used to further identify those organisms.

How to Prepare for the Test

No special preparation is needed before the test. A chest x-ray will be performed before and after the test.

DO NOT cough, breathe deeply, or move during the test to avoid injury to the lung.

How the Test will Feel

For thoracentesis, you sit on the edge of a chair or bed with your head and arms resting on a table. The provider cleans the skin around the insertion site. Numbing medicine (anesthetic) is injected into the skin.

A needle is placed through the skin and muscles of the chest wall into the space around the lungs, called the pleural space. As fluid drains into a collection bottle, you may cough a bit. This is because your lung re-expands to fill the space where fluid had been. This sensation lasts for a few hours after the test.

Ultrasound is often used to decide where the needle is inserted and to get a better view of the fluid in your chest.

Why the Test is Performed

The test is performed if you have a pleural effusion and its cause is not known, especially if the provider suspects an infection or cancer.

Normal Results

Normally, no bacteria, fungi, or cancer cells are present in the pleural fluid.

Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.

What Abnormal Results Mean

Positive results may indicate that infection, or cancer cells, are present. Other tests can help identify the specific type of infection or cancer. Sometimes, the test may show abnormalities (such as special types of cells) from conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

Risks

Risks of thoracentesis are:

• Collapse of the lung (pneumothorax)
• Excessive loss of blood
• Fluid re-accumulation
• Infection
• Pulmonary edema
• Respiratory distress

References

Broaddus VC, Light RW. Pleural effusion. In: Broaddus VC, Ernst JD, King TE, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 108.

Ruhl TS, Good JL. Thoracentesis. In: Fowler GC, ed. Pfenninger and Fowler's Procedures for Primary Care. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 218.